[172] In" Studia Biblica," iv. p.53, I argued from an inscription of Apollonia that it was not merely a Galatian city, but was classed in the tribe of the Trocmi. In the inscription there quoted a person who gains distinction in Apollonia is said to gain distinction "among the sacred Trocmi" ({eni Trokmaois zatheoisi}). It afterwards occurred to me that in this passage the Trocmi were perhaps meant figuratively to represent the Galatians as a whole, 1 so that the words implied no more than "among the sacred Galatians". If that were so, the inscription would merely say in emphatic terms that Apollonia was a Galatian city, and its people were Galatians and [173] called themselves Galatians. Even this was a striking fact, for Apollonia was far more remote from North Galatia than Iconium or even Antioch; and, if its inhabitants could be spoken of simply as Galatians, then all the more could the inhabitants of those other cities be addressed as Galatians.

The city of Apollonia prided itself on its origin as a colony of Lycians and Thracians settled in this remote corner of Phrygia; and they boasted of this racial character in municipal inscriptions and on coins. They were not, and had no reason to be, ashamed of their blood and race, as Phrygians might well be-since "Phrygian" meant "slave". Yet even Apollonian citizens in certain relations spoke of themselves as Galatae, i.e., people of the Province Galatia. 2

A fact which has recently been discovered by Mr. Calder suggests that my first interpretation may be correct, and that this region was ranked actually as part of the Trocmian territory. He has found, and will in due course publish, an inscription of Pisidian Antioch, in which Tavia, [174] capital of the Trocmi, pays a compliment to its sister the colonia, of Antioch. The term " sister" implies the thought of some peculiarly close connexion between Tavia and Antioch: they regard themselves as of the same family sprung, so to say, from the same parents. The North Galatian tribe, proud as the Gaulish tribes always were of their origin, treats Antioch as a sister. It is difficult to imagine any stronger proof that this city of South Galatia ranked in the fullest sense as a city of Galatia, and that the tribal character was extended to include the South Galatian cities.

Lystra also addressed Antioch as a sister. 3 Both were Roman coloniae, founded by Augustus and peopled by his veterans; they were therefore of the same family, sprung from the same stock and parentage, Roman citizens and soldiers. This analogy shows how much emphasis must be laid on the salutation of Tavia addressed to its sister Antioch.

FOOTNOTES:

1 Medical considerations made it impossible to write {evi Galatais} or {Galatais}. Moreover, the name Galatians occurs in the preceding line (where the writer speaks of his fatherland, {patris}, i.e. the city to which he belonged, as being "in the land of the Galatians," i.e. part of the Province Galatia); and some variation was desirable.

2 I need not quote again the oft-quoted passages where "Galatae" and "Galatia" mean the Province Galatia.

3 See the inscription translated in "The Church in the Roman Empire," p. 50. It was discovered by Prof. Sterrett, and published in his "Wolfe Expedition," p. 218, and re-copied by me in 1886.