[v] The papers republished in this volume have appeared in various Magazines, Contemporary Review, Expositor, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Geographical Journal, to the editors of which my thanks are tendered. Most of them have been profoundly modified and much enlarged; but only in the last, which is made up of six older articles, is there any essential change in the original opinions. Elsewhere, the alterations which have been introduced are intended to render more precise and emphatic the views formerly stated. Even the first article, which has been little changed in expression, has been greatly enlarged. Only in the sixth article (first published in 1882) have the additions been indicated.

The last article stands in much need of help and criticism from more experienced scholars. In writing it I felt the depths of my ignorance; but the first steps had to be taken in the subject. The most striking result was reached at the last stage, and is stated only in a footnote and the Table of Contents and Index. The pagan temple-grave became the Christian church-grave or memorion; and the pagan [vi] {thura} appears as the church doorway on gravestones in Isauria. The great Anatolian writers of the fourth century are full of information, which yet remains to be collected and valued. Professor Holl's Amphilochius von Iconium is the one great modern study in its department. The humble essays which conclude this volume and my former series of Pauline and other Studies tread in his footsteps; but I am mindful of the poet's advice, longe sequere et vestigia semper adora.

I am indebted for the very interesting series of photographs, not merely to my wife, but also to Miss Gertrude Lowthian Bell, Mr. J. G. C. Anderson' Senior Censor of Christ Church, Oxford, and Professor T. Callander, Queen's University, Canada; and I am grateful to them for permitting me to adorn my preface with the names of such experienced and successful explorers, and my book with views so skilfully taken in spite of the ink-black shadows cast by that pitiless sun. The Index is largely the work of my wife.

W. M. RAMSAY.
ABERDEEN,
31st October, 1908.